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Monday, May 4, 2009

How to be successful in your visa interview?

Are you planning to travel abroad for business, further your career or for holidays? If yes then you need to attend visa interview before the consular officer will grant you visa.

Many people today have attended visa interview severally without being able to convince the visa officer to grant them visa. There are a lot of reasons why they couldn’t grant them visa. This also emphasis the process where by you will take and get your visa once you went for interview.

If you want to travel abroad to further your education, to work, holidays, business transaction or are you an artist: music stars, movie stars, footballer etc. That is all depend on your opportunity to get your visa.

It is a good message for those who has been attending interview several times without success and also for those are going for visa interview for the first time

Visa Interview Preparation Despite having all the documents and meeting all the criteria people often get the refusal. A lot of it depends on the Interview, whether you successfully get the Visa or not. Here are few tips based on the people's experience and facts.

Ok, first thing first, don't get nervous with the word interview. This is not like a job.

Interview, however this is an important process (for visa seeker) so take it easy with confidence and follow the following tips.

The first essential step toward a successful interview is preparation.

The most important thing that you can carry with you is your self-confidence. Applicants, who are well prepared and confident in their responses to the visa officer, are almost always successful in getting the visa.

General Preparation includes:

  • Get some information/ general knowledge on what the Visa is all about? What is the process etc.?
  • Prepare for most commonly asked questions.
  • Be there a little earlier.
  • Ask for an interpreter if you are not conversant or confident with English.

Document Preparation includes the following:

  1. Fill all the forms/applications neatly and completely.
  2. Know what you have filled in the form. Many times it happens (especially in parent's case) where children or the sponsor fill out the application and the applicant him/her self don't know what information is provided.
  3. Provide correct and authentic information.
  4. If getting copies for documents make sure the copies are of good quality and readable.
  5. Verify that the Names, Date of Birth, etc. should match with the information in your passport.
  6. Organize your documents in proper logical order:
    A well organized and orderly arranged documents can make it easy for you to find the right documents quickly during interview.

Physical Preparation includes the following:

Your physical presentation is often an important point. What you look like and how you say something are just as important as what you say. So dress up nicely and keep smiling, and don get nervous as this may reflect negative on interviewer.

Attitude Preparation includes the following:

Provide to the point and concise answers. Do not add any thing which is not relevant or not being asked. (In most the cases, this is where people make a mistake by giving unnecessary and unasked details). Other tips for the interview are:

A. Never argue with visa officer.

B. Do not ask unnecessary questions.

C. Always remain polite.

What the officer is looking for?

The primary goal for the interview is to verify all information presented in the application and to make sure that, you (applicant) has enough ties back in your home country and will come back after your visit to a foreign country.

Documents and interview/questions are a few ways through which the consulate officer tries to determine the eligibility for the visa grant.

Now the thing is What do "ties" mean?

"Ties" are the aspects of your life that bind you to your place of residence, including family relationships, employment and possessions. In the case of younger applicants who may not have had an opportunity to establish such ties, interviewing officers may look at educational status, grades, the situation of parents, and an applicant's long-range plans and prospects in your home country. As each person's situation is different, there is no set answer as to what constitutes adequate ties. Normally it is your Business, Job, money generating land, Receiving rents from your property/ properties.

During the interview:

  • Greet the Interviewer when you see him/her at the beginning.
  • Communicate clearly and in a comprehensive way. Do not hesitate to politely ask to repeat or rephrase the question, if you don't understand any questions.

Generally asked questions in USA and many other courtiers Visit Visa.

  • Why do you want to travel to the USA?
  • Who is sponsoring you?
  • What do you do?
  • When did you retire?
  • How much pension do you get?
  • What is your annual income?
  • Have you ever visited any other country?
  • Do you have leave granted application? (If you are job holder)
  • Can I see you Business/visiting card?
  • Who will look after your business in your absence (if you are a business man).
  • Do you have a credit card?
  • How many children do you have? And where are they? What do they do?
  • Who is there in USA?
  • How long will you be staying in USA?
  • Will you work there?
  • Will you come back?
  • How can you assure me that you will come back?
  • What does your daughter/son/son- in- law do?
  • How long has your son/daughter been living in USA?

Read more questions and answers here. An Extended list of questions and their possible answers is also given below.

Finger Printing

Each applicant needs to provide a digital finger print for US visa purpose. The finger print will be taken any time before or after the interview.


When you go for the interview.

You are not allowed to carry any office bag, briefcase, electronic items, mobile phones, cigarettes, etc. into the consulate. Only a plastic bag or a woman's handbag is allowed.

Inside the Consulate:

The following picture indicates the main activities/process inside the consulate.
Note: This picture is provided for our understanding to get an basic idea of the process. This is a very generic illustration of the high level process; it may vary from consulate to consulate.


Good Luck!

If you get the Visa, begin your preparations for travel:

If you don't get the Visa, don't feel bad but analyze the situation to find out what went wrong, eliminate that mistake and reapply with better preparation.

We fully hope that you will be succeeded on the basis of truth

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F1 Student Visa Interview FAQs . . .

F1 Student Visa Interview FAQs . . .

All you guys who are planning for study in the USA, do find below a list of probable questions that could be asked for the F1 visa interview…

Career Related

  1. Why study in USA ? / Why not Study in your country ?
  2. Why are you pursuing MS ?
  3. Why did you choose this university ?
  4. What is your Career Objective ?
  5. Why will you come back to your native country ?
  6. What are your employment prospects ?
  7. What do you know about the Professors in the university ?
  8. Why study now ?
  9. When did you first decide to study abroad ?

Finance Related

  1. What is your Family’s Annual Income ?
  2. What are your parent’s doing and how many siblings ?
  3. How will you sustain?
  4. What kind of part time job will you seek at USA ?
  5. Why did you apply for a bank loan ?
  6. How will you repay the bank loan ?

Academic Related

  1. How many arrears did you have during your Bachelor’s degree ? and why so many ?
  2. What are the details you know about the program ? How is it related to what you have studied ?
  3. Why Low GRE / TOEFL / IELTS ?
  4. Why are you shifting / changing your major ?

Miscellaneous

  1. What do you know about the location you are going to live in ?
  2. How many universities did you apply to ?
  3. Do you have any relatives in the USA ?
  4. Why haven’t you got any scholarship ?
  5. What will you do if your visa is rejected ?
  6. Will you come home during summer ?
  7. Tell me about yourself ?
  8. What are your hobbies ?
  9. What does success mean to you ?
  10. Why this university and not other universities ?
  11. Where do you plan to be in 5 years from now ?
  12. Tell about your achievements
  13. What are your strengths?
  14. What are your weaknesses?
  15. Give 3 reasons that you will come back to your country.
  16. What is the thing you like a lot in your country?
  17. What is the thing you like best in America?
  18. Explain the application process after you had qualified GRE.
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Possible Visa Interview Questions and Answers in UK study visa

Why did you choose this institute and how did you find about it?
The institute is providing one of the best courses in
UK and its fee is reasonable, complete study atmosphere and specially its staff that is highly qualified. After surfing the net and consult with different consultants I chose this college for my studies.

2. Why did you select this course? Is it relevant to your previous studies?
This course will lead me towards the best opportunities of my life I mean to achieve my goals in life. Yes this course is exactly related to my previous studies.

3. Can you tell me the location of the university/college?
Yes..

4. Why did you select UK for higher studies? Isn't this course offered by any university or college in Pakistan?
UK education system is one of the best across the globe. UK education system has high influence in our education system. We are far behind in research and advancement in any field of life especially in education. Second we find complete study atmosphere in UK, which is not available in Pakistan.

5. What if you get a UK degree here, would you like to go to UK again for higher Studies?
Even then I will go to UK because of standard of education and complete study atmosphere.

6. What course are you going for?
------

7. What is the scope of your course?
The course I chose will open new horizons for me and there are high job prospects in multinational firms at local and international level.

8. Why are you taking this course?
Because this course is exactly related to my previous studies/ Experience

9. What is the course structure?

10. What are the course contents?

11. Do you intend to work in UK after completion of your studies?
Not at all

12. What do you intend to you after completion of your studies?
I will come back and will join any multinational firm or start my own business. As I have strong ties with
Pakistan.

13. What is you future plans?
To join any multinational firm or start my own business

14. What benefit will bring this course to you?
After completion of this course, I will come back and join any reputed firm, which offer attractive packages. I will be leading in big job market, I am sure I will get an excellent job in any reputed firm otherwise I will start my own business.

15. How much money can you earn after your completion of studies?
30000-35000 per month approximately.

16. Where will you stay in UK?

17. Who is your sponsor?

18. What proof do you have that your sponsor can support your studies?

19. Source of income of your sponsor?

20. How are you related to him?

21. How many people are his/her dependents?

22. Why is he sponsoring you? (if not father)

23. Do you have any relative or friend in UK?

The answers to this vary from person to person. The two basic replies being: Either "YES" or "NO". But I believe that you be truthful at this instance. I have seen many people who have been true and were not affected by that.
In fact at an USEFI seminar, addressed by the Consulate Officer. it was said by the officer himself that,

" We know that most of the student will end up staying there after completing their studies, but at least we can do our part of skimming them. We can at least play the part of sieving across the deserving people and not every pedestrian."

This means that they evaluate you on the basis of your merits and not by what the person staying abroad is going to do for you. And the financial part is because they want to be assured that you can at least go through your studies fully.
It just happens that many a times, they check your file based on details provided in your passport, and if they do apprehend you lying, that might spell trouble. So, I think telling the truth is the best thing.
If your uncle or cousin or distant aunt stays there, you don’t have to say "YES" coz that doesn’t matter. All that matters is your immediate relatives. i.e own brother, sister , father or mother.

24. What does your father do?

Well this does have a specific reply, but then you can put it as "Sir, My father is working with a German collaborated company for the past 25 years as a Manager in XYZ department. The long reply helps over here. If your father has taken a voluntary retirement, don’t mention that he has retired.
Well there are two approaches to this. One, say that your father worked with this company for the last 30 years and now has his own consultancy dealing with (insert some financial or technical terms).
Two, Say that your father worked as Asst Mgr./Mgr./GM with some company for the past 25 years, took a VR and now has a consultancy of his own. Never show him to be idle, coz that means your income has drastically reduced and works as a negative point. Stating about the VR often helps coz then you can assure him that most of the money you have shown is yours coz usually people get huge amounts on taking a VR. So that does help on the financial grounds.

25. How many brothers and sisters do you have?

26. What is the course commencement date?

27. What will be the total cost of per year?

28. What will you do during the off period/semester?
I will come back to see my family and friends

29. How much money is available for your stay in UK?

30. Have you researched your career prospects?
Off course. I have planned to choose any reputed multinational firm where I could learn more and more. Second at that time possibly there will be competition in jobs,

if I fail to get any good job then I have plan to start my own business.

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Admission Requirements in Cyprus

Applicants wishing to apply for admission in Cyprus should send the following documents to the Admission Office of the Institute:

  • Completed Application for Admission Form.
  • Application Fee of €150 (includes the Migration Application Fee of €85) which is non-refundable.
  • Photocopies of attested Matriculation Certificate and Mark Sheet.
  • Photocopies of attested Intermediate Certificate and Mark Sheet.
  • Photocopies of attested Bachelor Degree and Mark Sheet.
  • Photocopy of Medical Examinations report issued no more than 6 months before the date classes commence which proves that the student is free from HIV, Hepatitis B and C, Syphilis and Tuberculosis.
  • If the student is under 18 years old at the commencement of his/her studies, please provide a photocopy of attested Parental Consent stating that the parents allow their son/daughter to live in Cyprus by himself/herself for the duration of the studies.
  • Photocopy of attested Non-Criminal Record Certificate issued by the local police or Ministry of Home Affairs, stating that the applicant has no criminal record. The Certificate must not be issued more than 6 months before the date classes commence. In case there is a validity or expiry date written on it, then the Certificate should be valid until the date the classes commence.
  • Photocopy of attested Bank Letter stating that the student’s sponsor has sufficient funds to finance the student’s stay and studies in Cyprus. The student’s name, sponsor’s name and their relationship should appear clearly on the letter. The sponsor can only be the father or mother of the applicant. This must have been issued no more than six (6) months before the date classes commence for the semester/session applying for.
  • Two passport size photographs with the applicant’s name written at the back.
  • Photocopy of Passport valid for at least two years from the commencement of classes.

All government documents to be attested (Passport, School Certificates and Police Character Certificate) should receive a diplomatic attestation i.e. firstly be certified by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and then by the Cyprus Consulate Islamabad.


(Foreign Office will attest your academic documents if they are attested by IBCC and HEC)


NOTE:--Another major change in this semester’s requirements is that students who do not write their name and student number when transferring money to the college will not be approved by the Ministry of Education and therefore the student will not be allowed to come to Cyprus

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How to apply for Cyprus Student Visa?

Documents Required for Cyprus Student Visa

The following documents must be presented at Cyprus Consulate for Student Visa.

  • Original educational documents plus two attested copies
  • Original Acceptance from college and two copies
  • Original Police Clearance Certificate plus two attested copies issued by the police/appropriate authorities, dated no more than three months prior to the start of the semester, state the student's passport number and include the student's photo (if applicable)
  • In the case where the original is not issued in the English language, an English translation must be attached to the original and be attested by a public notary.
  • Original Bank Sponsorship Letter (BANK STATEMENTS ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE) plus two attested copies, on bank letterhead stating full bank contact details (i.e. - postal Address, telephone/fax numbers) signed and stamped by an authorized officer of the bank (including Full name & title) dated no more than three months prior to the start of the Semester issued on behalf of the parent, or legal guardian. A legal Guardian is only accepted in cases where both parents are dead or both parents are physically incapable of sponsoring the student and the sponsor has been legally appointed as the legal guardian. An original death certificate or incapability certificate for both parents must be presented to the Embassy/Consulate during the visa interview in such cases. Brothers,uncles, sisters, aunts, cousins or any other relations are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
  • Attested parental consent for the accommodation of their son/daughter in Cyprus if he/she will be less than 18 years old. at the commencement of their studies.
  • Original Medical Examinations issued no more than 6 months before the date classes commence which prove that the student is free from HIV, Hepatitis B and C, Syphilis and Tuberculosis.
  • Affidavit of support from Sponsor on Stamp paper and 2 attested copies
  • Passport (valid for at least one year from the start of the semester)
  • Original Swift Transfer Receipt issued by the Bank / Western Union / Money Gram.
  • Copy of the receipt from College Bank, for the payment of the Application Fee sent by the College, has transferred into college bank account.
  • Copy of the receipt , for the payment of tuition fees and visa deposit sent by the college of at least €3.200.
  • Two photographs.

N.B The student must have Euro 1600/- or US$ 2000/- at the Larnaca Airport
Documents should be without plastic cover or lamination
All original documents mentioned above must have two copies.


List of Universities in Cyprus

Following is the list of universities in Cyprus.
List of Colleges in Cyprus

Address of Cyprus Consulate

D.M Textile Mills
West ridge Industrial Area
Rawalpindi
Tel: 051- 5480156 5476910

Cyprus Consulate Karachi

101 Beaumont Plaza, 10 Beaumont Road,
Karachi

Tel: 021-2561170-2561175
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How to apply for Cyprus Student Visa?

Documents Required for Cyprus Student Visa

The following documents must be presented at Cyprus Consulate for Student Visa.

  • Original educational documents plus two attested copies
  • Original Acceptance from college and two copies
  • Original Police Clearance Certificate plus two attested copies issued by the police/appropriate authorities, dated no more than three months prior to the start of the semester, state the student's passport number and include the student's photo (if applicable)
  • In the case where the original is not issued in the English language, an English translation must be attached to the original and be attested by a public notary.
  • Original Bank Sponsorship Letter (BANK STATEMENTS ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE) plus two attested copies, on bank letterhead stating full bank contact details (i.e. - postal Address, telephone/fax numbers) signed and stamped by an authorized officer of the bank (including Full name & title) dated no more than three months prior to the start of the Semester issued on behalf of the parent, or legal guardian. A legal Guardian is only accepted in cases where both parents are dead or both parents are physically incapable of sponsoring the student and the sponsor has been legally appointed as the legal guardian. An original death certificate or incapability certificate for both parents must be presented to the Embassy/Consulate during the visa interview in such cases. Brothers,uncles, sisters, aunts, cousins or any other relations are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
  • Attested parental consent for the accommodation of their son/daughter in Cyprus if he/she will be less than 18 years old. at the commencement of their studies.
  • Original Medical Examinations issued no more than 6 months before the date classes commence which prove that the student is free from HIV, Hepatitis B and C, Syphilis and Tuberculosis.
  • Affidavit of support from Sponsor on Stamp paper and 2 attested copies
  • Passport (valid for at least one year from the start of the semester)
  • Original Swift Transfer Receipt issued by the Bank / Western Union / Money Gram.
  • Copy of the receipt from College Bank, for the payment of the Application Fee sent by the College, has transferred into college bank account.
  • Copy of the receipt , for the payment of tuition fees and visa deposit sent by the college of at least €3.200.
  • Two photographs.

N.B The student must have Euro 1600/- or US$ 2000/- at the Larnaca Airport
Documents should be without plastic cover or lamination
All original documents mentioned above must have two copies.

Address of Cyprus Consulate

D.M Textile Mills
West ridge Industrial Area
Rawalpindi
Tel: 051- 5480156 5476910

Cyprus Consulate Karachi

101 Beaumont Plaza, 10 Beaumont Road,
Karachi

Tel: 021-2561170-2561175
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WHY STUDY IN CYPRUS?

A small country, Cyprus based on tourism business is emerging as a popular destination among international students. The Universities in Cyprus is committed in maintaining and developing international standards of excellence in teaching and research at both undergraduate and graduate levels. With a multicultural perspective, Cyprus provides a unique intellectual and cultural environment, where scholars of diverse nationalities and cultures can meet and freely exchange information and ideas, while learning in an exciting atmosphere of experimentation and scholarship. Especially due to the internationally recognized education in the tourism and management field with a affordable fee, many students are willing and studying in Cyprus.

Students from European Union EU nation are only allowed to work part-time as student in Cyprus. If student is not from any of the EU nations then Government of Cyprus doesn't provide any work permit. Therefore, if you think of working while studying, then Cyprus may not be suitable choice for you unless you're from EU member nations.

However, the government of Cyprus provides work-permit for students from some subjects where practical jobs is necessary. Other students may also be allowed to work in Cyprus if they're offered an internship by companies in Cyprus. If they receive an internship, foreign students should obtain separate work permit from Cypriot Ministry of Labor.

However, internships are generally offered for Hotel Management or Tourism students during four months of Summer.

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Study Abroad in South Korea

location in waters of the Sea of Japan, Korea Strait, and Yellow Sea. Total land area of Korean Peninsula, including islands, 220,847 square kilometers; approximately 98,477 square kilometers (44.6 percent) constitutes territory of South Korea.

After the dramatic split-up in the fifties, the South has fared very well. It has become one of the richest countries in East Asia and has managed to keep up a rather frenetic pace of economic development. This certainly does not mean Korea has lost touch with its roots. Like Japan, it manages to combine the ultra modern with the very traditional.

The climate of south korea is Long, cold, dry winters; short, hot, humid summers with late monsoon rains, flooding. Seoul's January mean temperature -5° C to -2.5° C; July, 22.5° C to 25° C. Cheju Island warmer, milder weather than other parts of South Korea. Annual rainfall varies from year to year but usually averages more than 100 centimeters; two-thirds of precipitation falls between June and September. Droughts, particularly in southwest; approximately one every eight years.

cities
The country’s largest city, national capital, and chief industrial center is Seoul, located in the northwest. Other major cities include Busan, the country’s principal seaport, in the southeast; Daegu, the principal commercial and manufacturing center of the south; Incheon, the major port on the Yellow Sea, near Seoul; Gwangju, the principal transportation and commercial center of the southwest; and Daejeon, a transportation hub for the west-central agricultural area and a center of science and technology. Also significant is the southeastern city of Gyeongju, which was the capital of the Silla kingdom that established unified rule of the Korea Peninsula in ad 668.

population
Korea's population is one of the most ethnically and linguistically homogenous in the world. Except for a small Chinese community (about 20,000), virtually all Koreans share a common cultural and linguistic heritage. Buddhism is the traditional religion and is followed by 20% of the people. About 30% of the population are Christian (predominantly Protestant). Confucianism retains a following. The sense of hierarchy within society is strong.

With an area of 38,211 square miles and population of 47 million (United Nations World Population Database), the Republic is comparable in size and population density to Britain. South Korea has a strong security relationship with the USA, which is obliged under a 1954 treaty to ‘help Korea defend itself from aggression’. The US keeps about 25,000 troops in the country in what is considered a long-term presence.

economy
As one of the Four Dragons of East Asia, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth. Three decades ago GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. Today its GDP per capita is seven times India's, 16 times North Korea's, and comparable to the lesser economies of the European Union. This success through the late 1980s was achieved by a system of close government/business ties, including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-99 exposed certain longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. By 1999 GDP growth had recovered, reversing the substantial decline of 1998. Seoul has pressed the country's largest business groups to restructure and to strengthen their financial base. Growth in 2001 likely will be a more sustainable rate of 5%.

currency
The basic unit of currency is the won (W). Notes are available in denominations of W1,000, 5,000 and 10,000, and coins are denominated as follows: W10, 50, 100 and 500.

education system
Education is central to Korean society both as an avenue to improved socio-economic status, and as a mechanism of social and national integration under the education ideal - "Hongik Ingan" which means the extension of human welfare.

The Education Law promulgated in 1948, provides the legislative framework for the current education system in Korea. The Education Law of 1948 was revised in 1998 with the introduction of further legislation and this body of legislation now governs all matters relating to schools and higher education in Korea.

The major structural characteristics of the Korean education system are based on those of the United States. This consists of six years of elementary (primary) school, three years of middle (lower secondary) school, three years of high school (upper secondary) school, and four years of college (university).

The medium of instruction in schools is Korean. English is a compulsory subject from the commencement of middle school, and was introduced as a subject in the third year of elementary schools in 1997. Pupils in their third year of elementary schools (aged nine) are taught English for two hours a week.

The current English curriculum emphasises the instruction of grammar and vocabulary to the neglect of functional English. Consequently although English is taught at an early stage in schools, Korean students generally have limited speaking and aural abilities, and writing skills.

With the growing emphasis on functional English language competency, the government is proposing to expand the facilities for English language teaching and to improve the skills of English language teachers in Korean schools.

As pre- school education is not compulsory, Korean families have not considered it as important and necessary as elementary and secondary education. However, there is emerging recognition of the significance of pre-school education and the government has, since September 1999, introduced free pre-school education for children in rural areas and for low income families in urban areas. Otherwise pre- school education is provided by the private sector.

Elementary education is free and compulsory and provides general rudimentary education.

Middle school education provides standard secondary education. Since 1985, free and compulsory middle school education has been provided to agricultural and fishing communities and is incrementally being extended to other areas.

High school education aims at providing advanced general and specific functional education.

Fees are paid by students in all middle and high schools except for gifted students admitted to special schools. In 2000, there were 9,955 schools at all levels in Korea, with 336,940 teachers and 7,951,998 students. This includes 5,267 elementary schools, 2,731 middle schools and 1,957 high schools.

Although middle and high school education is not provided free, both enrolment and retention rates are very high. In 2000, student enrolment in middle and high schools were 1,860,539 and 1,324,482 respectively. In the same year, net transition rates from elementary to middle school and middle school to high school was 99.9 per cent and 99.5 per cent respectively.

Despite recent reforms to the education system, Korean schools are structured on the basis of rote learning, highly regulated, and almost exclusively centered on college entrance examinations. Parents spend large amounts of money on private tuition (kwawoe) to prepare their children for college entrance examinations in order that they can gain admission to a prestigious university.

In an attempt to free up the draconian college entrance system and shift the focus of high school education away from exclusive preparation for college entrance examinations, the government has broadened the testing procedures for college entrance to include problem solving and creative thinking skills.

Also, the government is moving towards further reforms aimed at changing the traditional school culture and introducing a more flexible and creative school environment.

Entrance to Korean colleges (universities) remains very competitive as emphasis is still placed on entering a prestigious university rather than pursuing a university study course on the basis of personal aptitude or interest.

College students also spend much time and money on extra-curricular education, particularly on English conversation and computing to improve their prospects for employment after graduation
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Study Abroad in South Africa

South Africa truly is a world within one country! South Africa is larger than France and Spain combined and stretches from the temperate Cape to the subtropical northern regions bordering with Zimbabwe and Mozambique. In the boundaries of South Africa are some of the world's most breathtaking landscapes; canyons, wildernesses showcasing game and cliffs dropping to the ocean

South Africa, on the continent's southern tip, is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west and by the Indian Ocean on the south and east. Its neighbors are Namibia in the northwest, Zimbabwe and Botswana in the north, and Mozambique and Swaziland in the northeast. The kingdom of Lesotho forms an enclave within the southeast part of South Africa, which occupies an area nearly three times that of California.

The southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas, located in the Western Cape Province about 100 mi (161 km) southeast of the Cape of Good Hope

Economy
South Africa has developed from an agrarian into a modern industrial state since World War II. Today, the economy is well-diversified and the country is capable of producing a wide range of consumer and investment goods. South Africa produces one fifth of the entire production of the African continent.

The mining industry still plays a prominent part. However, over the last few years, the country's economic dependency on the export of raw materials, especially on gold, has lessened.

The economy is based on foreign trade. More than half of the gross national product (GNP) is achieved through exports and imports. By investing in modern production technologies after the apartheid era, South African products became more and more competitive on the world market. In 1996, an export surplus of about 8,7 billion Rand was achieved. Exports consist mainly of mineral raw materials, agricultural produce, chemical products, machinery, electric appliances and vehicles. Import goods are machines, plastic products, chemicals and also vehicles.

The main customer countries are: Japan (7.2 %), Italy (6.2 %), USA (6.2 %), Germany (5.1 %), Great Britain (4.8 %) and Zimbabwe (4.1 %). Imports mainly come from: Germany (13 %), USA (11 %), Great Britain (10.5 %), Japan (7.4 %), Italy (4.4 %) and France (3.2 %).

Population
Population growth rate: 0.26% (2001 est.)

Education system
Schools can be divided into two categories, namely public schools and independent (private) schools. There is also provision for special school education. The levels of school education are pre-primary, primary and secondary. Pre-primary caters for children from the age of three years to school-going age and is not compulsory. Primary education consists of two phases - junior primary which includes grades 1, 2 and 3, and senior primary which includes grades 4, 5 and 6. Secondary education also consists of two phases - junior (grades 7, 8, 9) and senior (grades 10, 11, 12). Education is compulsory for learners between the ages of seven and 15 years of age, or learners reaching the ninth grade, whichever occurs first. A child enters grade 1 at the beginning of the year in which he turns 7 years of age. The school year in South Africa is from January to December.

Basic learning activities during junior primary involve learning to read, write and calculate, and the development of language proficiency. During the senior primary phase, learning activities centre on reading and oral proficiency in the mother tongue and second language, mathematics, history, geography, general science and a skill such as needlework, woodwork or art. In the junior secondary phase most subjects are compulsory, while pupils have to choose two subjects in addition to those already offered. At the end of the senior secondary phase (grade 12), pupils write a public examination in a minimum of six subjects. The examination in each subject is conducted at three levels: higher, standard and lower grade. It is this public examination which determines whether a pupil is eligible to enter a higher education institution.

Higher education includes technical college education, teacher-training, technikon and university training.

There are 129 technical colleges in South Africa. The courses at these colleges are very practice-orientated and include theory and design. The levels of training, examination and certification extend from N1 to N6.

South Africa has 21 fully-fledged universities and 15 technikons. Technikons provide degree studies.

Teacher-training is carried out at colleges of education which offer three or four-year diploma courses for initial qualifications for primary or secondary school teachers.

Foreigners are allowed to study at South African higher education institutions, but require a study visa to do so. A study visa is granted on the fulfillment of various conditions

Languages:
There are eleven official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu

Some words in african are given below with their english transaltions
EngishAfrican
babymauna
hoggooloo
backnema
horsevalo


Currency:
The official currency is the Rand (R).It is divided into 100 Cents

Cities
The major cities of south africa :-
Messina
Pietersburg
Pretoria
Johannesburg
Upington
Kimberly
Bloemfontein
De Aar
Saldanha
Cape Town
Port Elizabeth
Mossel Bay
East London
Durban
Richards Bay
Ladysmith
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Study Abroad in Russia

The Russian Federation (Russia) is the world's largest country in area, being almost twice as big as either the USA or China. Comprised of far-eastern Europe and northern Asia, it is bounded by the Arctic and Pacific Oceans on its northern and eastern coasts. It has land boundaries with thirteen countries. It has many types of terrain: broad plain with low hills west of the Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along the southern border regions. With its wealth of natural resources, a well-educated population, and a diverse industrial base, Russia continues to experience severe difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to one which is market-based.

Ranges from temperate to Arctic continental. Winter weather varies from short-term and cold along Black Sea to long-term and frigid in Siberia. Summer conditions vary from warm on steppes to cool along Arctic coast. Much of Russia covered by snow six months of year. Weather is usually harsh and unpredictable. Average annual temperature of European Russia 0°C, lower in Siberia. Precipitation low to moderate in most areas; highest amounts in northwest, North Caucasus, and Pacific coast

Education system
Education system in Russia is similiar to European and American education systems:
2 cycle system:
undergraduate level: Bachelor degree
postgraduate level: Master degree and Ph.D.
Credit transfer system.
Academic exchange programs on basis of ECTS (European Credit Transfer System).
European diploma supplement.

There is one difference between Russian and European education systems: 5-year engineer / specialist diploma programs.

Russia joined to Bolonia agreement (Intagrating process of developing common European education system). So, the number of non-degree programs in Russia is decreasing.

Being a holder of the Secondary School Certificate or an equivalent, you can study through all levels, starting from Bachelor to Doctoral Studies.

A degree or diploma holder of any higher school can be admitted to a successive learning level after accreditation of his/her prior learning. The university can offer you instruction either in Russian or in English.

Those who would like to take courses in Russian must be fluent in Russian and present the Russian Language State Certificate as evidence. The most effective way in reaching this goal is to take the one year Preparatory Course.

Preparatory level
International students who intend to take a main course in Russian should first take a one-year Preparatory Course. Russian language training is the core of this course. At the same time you will perfect knowledge in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and will be acquainted with Russian history and culture. Upon successful completion they'll be awarded with the Preparatory Course Certificate and the Russian Language State Certificate (TORFL) on successful passing of Test of Russian as a Foreign Language at the First Level. Both certificates are recognized by any Russian university.

Bachelor’s Degree
The first two-year study level includes modules in natural sciences, mathematics, socio-economics, humanities and a few speciality oriented modules. The study modules of the second level (the next two years of study) include advanced profession-oriented modules, subjects in natural sciences, electives from special socio-economics modules and training in industrial and other companies. A Bachelor's degree holder could be employed as a middle-rank engineer/specialist.

Note!
the holder can continue his/her studies to earn the Engineer's/Specialist’s Diploma (1 year) or Master's Degree (2 years).

Engineer's/Specialist's Diploma
The professional study courses leading to the Engineer's/Specialist’s Diploma ensure the training of well-qualified professionals in engineering and technology (Engineer's Diploma) or in economics, humanities, etc. (Specialist’s Diploma). The engineer’s courses include special disciplines and modules in modern technology and technological equipment oriented towards engineering creativity and invention, carrying out the interdisciplinary projects, and industrial training.

Note!
The Engineer's/Specialist’s Diploma and the Master’s degree are equal both for recognition and posterior education in Russia and overseas.

Master’s Degree
The professional educational courses leading to the Master's Degree (two years after Bachelor's level) include special disciplines and modules, which explain new achievements in science and technology additionally to those in the Bachelor’s Degree courses. The courses are oriented towards scientific creativity, pedagogical activity, practical and research work.

Note!
TPU Master’s Degree holders have an opportunity to continue their research work and to earn Ph.D. after 1-2 years.

Doctoral Studies (Ph.D.)
The training of well-qualified specialists for teaching and research lasts for 3 to 4 years and ends in the public defense of a Ph.D. thesis. If you are studying for a Ph.D. as a full-time postgraduate you can expect to finish your research within 3 years. If you take university Master’s Degree course you will have an opportunity to continue your research work and to earn Ph.D. after 2 years. The period of part-time or distant doctoral training is about 4 years. The duration could be altered.As a rule, students carry out real scientific and engineering investigations with the use of modern laboratory equipment, prepare scientific papers for publication and participate in national and international scientific conferences. All these are fulfilled under the guidance and supervision of leading university scientists.

Cities
Russia has some of the world's best known cities, and we are pleased to feature a some of the most beautiful places throughout Russia.

Russian cities include Moscow, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Kalingrad, Sochi, Vladimir, Khabarovsky, Pskov, Nizhny-Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Kalingrad and other Russian Cities such as Kazan, Tver.

Moscow, the capital of Russia is located on the river Moskva in the western region of Russia. The real flavour of Moscow is situated in all the small nooks and crannies on every street

Every visitor to Moscow is irresistibly drawn to the Red Square, the historical and spiritual heart of the city, so loaded with associations and drama that it seems to embody all of Russia's truimphs and tradegies

Explore the history of Russia in Pskov. To say that Pskov is an old city is an understatement – it celebrated its 1 100 year anniversary in the year 2003. It is one of the oldest cities in Russia and though it's alive with business and development, one cannot but help notice its timelessness

Currency For hundreds of years the unit of Russian currency has been the ruble .It is divided into 100 kopecks. The ISO 4217 currency code for the Russian ruble is RUB

economy
In terms of natural resources, a well-educated population and developed industrial base Russia could be considered a wealthy country. However, its economy experiences formidable difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy.

Major Exports Russia's major exports are fuels, energy, metals, machinery & equipment, chemicals, and oils.

Major Imports Russia's major imports are machinery & equipment, food and agricultural raw materials, chemicals and metals.

Major Export Markets Main export markets are Ukraine, Germany, Belarus, Netherlands and China.

Major Import Markets Russia's main import markets are Germany, Ukraine, Belarus and the US.
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Study Abroad in Poland

Situated in the heartland of Europe, Poland has been both a bridge and a front line between eastern and western Europe. Today, free from outside interference, Poland is the place to go if you're interested in seeing how a nation picks itself up off the floor and tries to reinvent itself. It's a multifaceted country where the capital and medieval old towns are coddled by contemporary city slickers and where horse-drawn carts negotiate country lanes in areas where the 20th century appears to have got lost somewhere down the road."

Those with a taste for history and its mementos are invited to the many painstakingly restored old town centers, the Royal Castles of Warsaw and Cracow, Poland's former capita, and the old palaces erected by Polish magnates, bringing to mind the memory of bygone centuries. They will certainly enjoy our museums which include the unique in Europe, medieval, underground salt-mine in Wieliczka and the Nicolaus Copernicus Biographical Museum in the old bishops' seat in Frombork.

Connoisseurs of the Art are sure to be interested in the calendar of artistic events in the homeland of Chopin and Penderecki: the Chopin Piano Competition and the Wieniawski Violin Competition, both well-known throughout the world, the Warsaw Autumn Festival of Contemporary Music, the Jazz Jamboree International Festival of Jazz Music, the Piknik Country Festival of Country Music, and many cultural events for youth and folklore festivals.

To the observer of social and political change in the modern world, Poland comes upon the stage as the cradle of the 'Solidarity' movement which shook the entire communist system and changed the shape of Central Europe in recent years. It is the homeland of Pope John Paul II and a country of people open and hospitable to visitors. Poland is also the homeland of many Nobel prize winners: Henryk Sienkiewicz, Wladyslaw Reymont, Czeslaw Milosz, Wieslawa Szymborska (literature), Maria Sklodowska-Curie (chemistry and physics), and Lech Walesa (peace).

In spite of a turbulent history and the dramatic changes shaping Polish society today, Poles have vigorously maintained a distinct sense of culture and community. Come and meet them on their home ground and visit the land that continues to motivate and inspire them

currency The currency of Poland is Zloty
1 Polish zloty = 0.311944 U.S. dollars

Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2005 est.): $489.8 billion;
per capita $12,700. Real growth rate: 3.5%.
Inflation: 2.1%.
Unemployment: 18.3%.
Arable land: 46%.

Agriculture: potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy.

Software companies in poand · AIS.PL
· Computer Associates
· ComputerLand SA
· DRQ Sp z o.o.
· Logotec Engineering SA
· The Polished Group
· Softbank
· Prokom Software
· Infoservice
· Optimus
· MKS Vir
· Young Digital Poland
· Vulcan Media
· SuperMemo World
· Nahlik Soft
· Jacek Skalmierski
· Creamsoft
· Comarch
· e-Pro


Jeronimo Martins Dystrybucja S.A. The company is one of the largest employers in Poland, giving jobs to over 12,000 people. In the ranking of Poland's largest employers prepared by Rzeczpospolita, Jeronimo Martins Dystrybucja was ranked 9th

Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS).

Population
In recent years the population of Poland, currently 38,7 million people, has been experiencing very slow growth. Approximately 62% of Poles live in cities, with are mostly small or medium sized, and half of the population lives in 42 cities with a population of over 100.000 inhabitants. Approximately 62% of Poles live in cities, with are mostly small or medium sized, and half of the population lives in 42 cities with a population of over 100.000 inhabitants. Approximately 62% of Poles live in cities, with are mostly small or medium sized, and half of the population lives in 42 cities with a population of over 100.000 inhabitants. Warsaw, the capital and Polish largest city has a population of 1,6 million people. Apart from the capital, the Polish largest cities are lodz, Cracow, Wroclaw, Poznan and Gdansk-Sopot-Gdynia conurbation, with together for about 3,6 million people. With respect to size of population, Poland ranks 8th in Europe and 29th in the world, with an average population density of 124 persons per km2. The population of Polish communities abroad is estimated at 12 million, with the largest communities living in USA (5,6 million), Commonwealth of the Independent States (2,5 million), France (1 million), Germany (0,8 million), Canada (0,4 million), Brasil (0,2 million). From the ethnic point of view, Poland is one of the most homogeneous countries in Europe, with over 98% of the population being Polish ethnic origin.

Education system
Primary Education
The reformed 6-year primary school, introduced in the school year 1999/2000 under the Act of 8 January 1999 on the Implementation of the Education System Reform, is divided into 2 stages:

Stage I covers grades 1,2 and 3, and is called integrated teaching Teaching at this stage is designed to ensure smooth transition from pre-school to school education.

Stage II covers grades 4,5 and 6. Teaching at this stage is arranged in subjects listed in the outline timetable: Polish language, history and civics, modern foreign language, mathematics, natural science, music, art, technology, computer sciences, physical education, religion or ethics.

In addition to separate subjects, the following "educational paths" have been introduced at this stage: health education, ecological education, reading and media education, education for society, education for family life, cultural heritage of the region, patriotic and civic education

The school head is responsible for the inclusion of these paths in the curricula implemented by particular teachers.

No special test or examination is envisaged between stages 1 and 2. Class composition is based on the age of pupils.

Secondary Education

In the framework of the education system reform in 1999 three-year gymnasia were established as a first (lower) level of the secondary school. Since 2002 upper secondary schools have been operational.

Lower Secondary Education: Gymnasium offers 3-years of full-time general lower secondary education for pupils who completed the reformed 6-year primary school. It is compulsory for all pupils. The gymnasium is targeted at pupils aged 13 to 16 and is considered the last stage (Stage 3) of general compulsory education. It provides education by subjects, the widest possible variety, but at the basic level. One of the aims of this stage is to identify the abilities and interests of the pupils and to help them make a rational choice of a further education route.

Upper Secondary Education: the age of pupils in upper secondary education is between 16 and 18/19/20 years. The upper secondary education is not divided into cycles.

Since the school year 2002/03 the following
post-gymnasium schools are operational: zasadnicze szkoly zawodowe (basic vocational schools, pupils aged 16 to 18/19)

- duration 2 to 3 years, the graduates receive a diploma confirming vocational qualifications upon passing of an exam, it is possible to continue education in a 2-year supplementary general lyceum or in a 3-year supplementary technicum.

3- year licea ogólnoksztalcace (general secondary schools, pupils aged 16 to 19) which enable pupils to take the Matura exam and obtain a swiadectwo dojrzalosci.

3-year licea profiloane (subject oriented secondary schools, pupils aged 16 to 19) - teaching is carried out in the general profiles of vocational training, it enables the pupils to take the Matura exam and obtain a swiadectwo dojrzalosci.

4-year technika (vocational secondary schools, pupils aged 16 to 20) which enable pupils to obtain a vocational qualifications diploma upon passing of an exam, and to take the Matura exam and obtain a swiadectwo dojrzalosci.

2-year uzupelniajace licea ogólniksztalcace (supplementary general secondary schools, pupils aged 18/19 to 20/21) for basic vocational schools' leavers which enable pupils to take the Matura exam and obtain a swiadectwo dojrzalosci (operational since 1 September 2004).

3-year technika uzupelniajace (supplementary secondary vocational schools, pupils aged 18/19 to 21/22) for graduates of basic vocational schools which enables pupils to take the Matura exam and obtain a swiadectwo dojrzalosci, as well as to obtain a vocational qualifications diploma upon passing of an exam.

Post-Secondary (non-Tertiary) Education Post-secondary schools admit graduates of general secondary schools based on a secondary school leaving certificate. Tha age of pupils is between 19 - 20/21.

Post-secondary schools provide courses within the following groups of branches: teacher education, arts, economics and administration, medical studies, technology, agriculture, forestry and fishery, transport and communication, hotel services and computing. The most popular branches include: teacher education, economics, library science, hotel services and computing.

Duration of education depends on a type of occupation and for majority of them is 2- 2,5 years.

Tertiary Education Following the transformation of the political system in 1990 a major change took place in the higher education system. On the basis of a new law on higher education adopted on the 12th of September 1990 higher education institutions were granted institutional autonomy, freedom in teaching and research and internal self-governance was developed.

Under the new legislation non-state higher education institutions were established. In the academic year 2002/2003 there were 395 higher education institutions (including the military, internal affairs and church establishments), of which 125 were state and 270 were non-state institutions.

Higher education institutions are targeted at teaching students at the vocational or Master degree level and at preparing them for commencement of their professional careers. Academic higher education institutions also carry out scientific research (or create works of art) and train doctoral students for research, artistic activities and teaching. Development and dissemination of national culture are also included in higher education institutions together with co-operation with local communities and preparation of students for social life.

A school of higher education can offer uniform Master degree studies, higher vocational studies as well as supplementary Master degree studies. It can also offer postgraduate courses, PhD studies, as well as special studies and courses.

system (including non-state institutions): universities
technical universities
agricultural schools
schools of economics
teacher education schools
medical academies
maritime schools
academies of physical education
schools of arts
school of theology
non-state schools of higher education.

The requirement to apply for admission to higher education studies is the Matura certificate (swiadectwo dojrzalosci). Generally, enrolment may be based on an entrance examination or a qualifying interview, or it may not involve an entrance examination, in all cases the submission of documents and the payment of fees follows the above mentioned procedures. The school can charge an examination fee up to the amount defined by the Minister for the given year.

In order to make HE accessible to higher number of young people, the system of financial support to students from the state budget has been introduced. Financial support to students in HEIs is provided in the framework of university student support funds. Students at state HEIs who follow day courses can receive social allowances, special grants for the disabled, grants for scientific achievements, housing allowances, meal allowances and allowances from trust. Since 2001 day students from non-state and church run HEIs can also apply for social allowances.

Tertiary Education Diploma Schools of higher education have a right to confer the following professional titles: magister - conferred to graduates of Master Degree courses in humanities, natural sciences, maths, physics, chemistry, physical education, economics, social studies and law, as well as medical science apart from the following areas: physicians training, dentistry, nursing and midwifery;

cities
the cities in poland :-
Danzig, Krakow , Lodz, Warsaw and Wroclaw
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Study Abroad in MEXICO

Mexico is a traveller's paradise, crammed with a multitude of opposing identities: desert landscapes, snow-capped volcanoes, ancient ruins, teeming industrialised cities, time-warped colonial towns, glitzy resorts, lonely beaches and a world-beating collection of flora and fauna.

This mix of modern and traditional, the clich?d and the surreal, is the key to Mexico's charm, whether your passion is throwing back margaritas, listening to howler monkeys, surfing the Mexican Pipeline, scrambling over Mayan ruins or expanding your Day of the Dead collection of posable skeletons.

One look at this country is enough to remind visitors that there is nothing new about the so-called New World. Despite the considerable colonial legacy and rampant modernisation, almost 60 distinct indigenous peoples survive, largely thanks to their rural isolation.

The coast and lowlands are hot and humid all year. The interior highlands are milder and drier, but can become freezing between December and February. Rainfall is scarce throughout most of the country

Currency
Mexican currency is the New Peso (MXN) divided into 100 centavos. Credit cards are widely accepted, particularly Visa, MasterCard and American Express. Travellers cheques are generally accepted, and are best taken in US Dollars. ATMs are available in most cities and towns and are the most convenient way to get money, but for safety reasons they should only be used during business hours. Although most businesses will accept foreign currency it is best to use pesos. Foreign currency can be exchanged at one of many casas de cambio (exchange houses), which have longer hours and offer a quicker service than the banks.

Languages: Spanish, Castilian.

Since spanish is widely used in the country below are few words in the language with their meanings in english that can be really helpful while in mexico hola hi
adiós goodbye
sí yes
no no
por favor
please gracias
thanks muchas
gracias thanks a lot
dispénseme excuse me
perdón pardon
OK OK
nada nothing

Population
The population of mexico is 103,400,165. About 70% of the people live in urban areas. Many Mexicans emigrate from rural areas that lack job opportunities -- such as the underdeveloped southern states and the crowded central plateau -- to the industrialized urban centers and the developing areas along the U.S.-Mexico border. According to some estimates, the population of the area around Mexico City is about 20 million, which would make it the largest concentration of population in the world. Cities bordering on the United States -- such as Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez -- and cities in the interior -- such as Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Puebla -- have undergone sharp rises in population.

Average annual growth 1991-97
Population (%) ....... 1.8
Labor force (%) .......3.1


mexico's Education system
The educational system of Mexico can be divided into four levels:

I. Preschool (preescolar): ages 3 – 6
II. Primary education (educación primaria): grades 1 - 6
III. Secondary education (educación média): grades 7-11,12,13
IV. Higher education (educación superior)

Compulsory Education Extended from Sixth Grade to Ninth Grade

In 1992, the Secretariat of Public Education officially increased compulsory education from completion of primary school (grade six) to completion of lower secondary school (grade nine).

Preschool Education (Preescolar)
The General Law of Education states that preschool education is a part of basic education, and therefore it is provided free of charge. In December 2001, the Mexican Congress voted to make one year of pre-school education mandatory, a provision that went into effect in 2004. Educational authorities deemed this measure crucial to creating a smoother transition for students from preschool to schooling at the primary level.

Primary Education
Primary school consists of grades one through six and has been compulsory since the constitution of 1917.

Secondary Education
The secondary level consists of two cycles:

I. Lower-secondary education (educación média básica): grades 7 - 9
II. Upper-secondary education (educación média superior): grades 10 - 11, 12, or 13, depending on the program.
I. Lower-secondary education may be divided into two types:

Academic lower-secondary education (educación secundaria) Technical lower-secondary education (educación secundaria técnica) Lower-Secondary Education General admission requirements to lower-secondary school include completion of primary education and entrance examinations. Lower-secondary schools are increasingly linked to primary education, while the upper-secondary schools are primarily under the auspices of tertiary-level institutions. It should be noted that the term “secundaria” always refers to lower-secondary study and never higher-secondary study. The lower-secondary cycle includes both an academic program designed to lead to further education (escuela secundaria), as well as vocational programs (escuela secundaria técnica). Upon completion of the three-year escuela secundaria, students receive a comprehensive transcript that allows them to apply to a higher-secondary school.

Upper-Secondary Education
Admission to upper-secondary school depends on institutional policies. Standardized examinations have been developed by CENEVAL/Centro Nacional de Evaluación (National Center for Evaluation) for lower secondary school leavers and are used as an admissions criterion for upper-secondary school.

Higher-secondary students are enrolled in SEP-controlled institutions, state-controlled institutions, in private schools, and in preparatory schools affiliated with, and under the auspices of, public autonomous universities.

Higher-secondary studies are classified by curriculum, occupational pursuits and further education options as follows:

I. Academic University-Preparatory (bachillerato propedéutico)
II. Professional Technical Education (educación profesional técnica) leads to the vocational title título de técnico profesional (title of professional technician). This sector of upper-secondary study was formerly classified as terminal vocational study, but in 1997 the SEP designated it as “preparatory.” Holders of the título de técnico profesional are now officially eligible for admission to licenciado degree programs.
III. Mixed — university-preparatory and technical training — leading to a vocational title and the bachillerato--bachillerato tecnológico bivalente (technological bachelor with dual validity)

Vocational Programs Upon completion of a vocational program, the graduate receives a vocational title such as the Título de Enfermera or the Título de Técnico Profesional (Title of Nurse, Title of Professional Technician), and may have the title registered with the Secretariat of Public Education to receive a cédula (license). As such, the graduate has a federally recognized occupational license.

Academic University-Preparatory and Preparatory Programs with Occupational Training

Academic university-preparatory programs are offered at escuelas preparatorias (preparatory schools) or colegios (high schools), and technical university preparatory programs at various types of technical schools and institutes.

The upper-secondary sector, which developed to a large extent independently of the national ministry of education (SEP), is extremely diverse in terms of the number of academic programs and the structure of the programs offered. Traditionally, higher-secondary programs were offered under the auspices of local universities. In recent years, however, the SEP and the individual state ministries of education have fostered the development of freestanding colegios, and the number of private independent preparatory schools has steadily increased. Higher secondary university preparatory programs traditionally have prepared students by discipline — streaming in such areas as pre-engineering, pre-medicine, or the humanities among others. The recent trend, however, is for programs to offer a more general academic curriculum. Graduates (bachilleres) from upper secondary programs attached to universities and other higher education institutions have traditionally been granted automatic admission (pase automático) to their institution’s programs, whereas students applying from elsewhere must sit admissions examinations.

Upon completion of academic university-preparatory programs, the graduate receives a transcript certificate attesting to completion of the program. The transcript is issued by, or endorsed by, the higher education institution with which the higher secondary school is affiliated or the supervising governmental agency. In general, after completion of academic university-preparatory programs as well as technical programs incorporating university preparatory studies, the transcript will somewhere state that the student has finished the study of the "bachillerato" or the “preparatoria” (university-preparatory studies). Graduates do not always receive a diploma or degree certificate indicating conferral of the title of bachiller (bachelor), as is usually the case in other Latin American countries.

Higher Education
The system of higher education has expanded tremendously in the past quarter century. In the period 1971 to 2000, total enrollment increased more than six-fold from 290,000 to 1,962,000, while in the last decade of the twentieth century alone there was a 50 percent increase in tertiary enrollments. The "opening" of the system came in response to social demand for access to tertiary studies as the size of the middle class increased with rapid economic development.

Admission to Higher Education
Completion of an academic or technical upper-secondary program (preparatoria or bachillerato) is ordinarily required for admission to tertiary level institutions. Certain university departments require that incoming students complete higher-secondary programs in a track relevant to their prospective major field of study. For instance, students wishing to study medicine are generally required to have completed a bachillerato program in a biology or pre-medicine track. For this reason, graduates from liberal arts programs wishing to enroll in a technical/scientific program may be required to complete a second bachillerato program in a scientific/technical stream in order to make up for deficiencies. Normally, however, the student is exempted from the general courses offered in every bachillerato program, having to take only the specialized-track courses.

Selection processes at institutions of higher education differ greatly, reflecting the demand for admission to their programs. Institutional entrance examinations and bachillerato grade point averages are mechanisms which institutions have traditionally made use of in selecting incoming students. Some institutions grant graduates of affiliated bachillerato programs automatic admission (pase automático), while requiring bachillerato graduates from other institutions to undergo an entrance examination and to meet stiffer academic requirements.

Mexico, until recently, had no national standardized examination to indicate the academic performance of upper secondary graduates. Since 1994, higher secondary exit examinations designed by CENEVAL have been used increasingly for the admissions process to higher education. Some universities use a Spanish version of secondary school examinations designed by the College Board in the United States as an admissions examination.

Cities of mexico
Tijuana
Ensenada
La Paz
Ciudad Juarez
Guaymas
Chihuahua
Topolobampo
Durango
Mazatlan
Puerto Vallarta
Manzanillo
Lazaro Cardenas
Nuevo Laredo
Monterrey
Leon
Guadalajara
Mexico
Acapulco
Matamoros
Tampico
Tuxpan
Veracruz
Coatzacoalcos
Oaxaca
Salina Cruz
Progreso
Merida


MAJOR EVENTS OF MEXICO
Independence Day, September 16 (1810)
Day of the Dead, November 2
Day of Our Lady of Guadalupe - December 12
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Malik Imran Awan

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